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Haussler Kurtz-Costes 1998

Page history last edited by Chris Barthold 3 years, 3 months ago

Haussler, A., and Kurtz-Costes, B. (1998).  Child care for preschoolers with autism: An exploration of mothers' beliefs, decision-making, and knowledge.  Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 13, 485-499.

 

  • most people believe that children with autism need specialized early intervention 

 

  • child with autism - chronic stressor
    • may be in more need of child care - professional or respite
    • might facilitate employment for the mother
  • little is known about how parents choose child care - referred to as silent partners
    • personality
    • family functioning
    • factors that influence decision-making
      • especially true for child care for children with special needs/disabilities
    • parents are the ones who are important for choosing a child care setting
    • we know nothing about
      • search
      • values
      • selection process
      • program knowledge
  • research questions
    • what type of child care was chosen?
    • how were facilities located and selected?
    • why were facilites chosen?
    • how informed were mothers?
    • did what mothers know correspond to what their values were?
    • parental participation?
  • participants - mothers whose children with autism attended childcare outside of the home
    • enrolled for at least 6 weeks
    • recruited through TEACCH
    • 67% agreed to participate - 40 mothers
      • 36 white, 4 African American
      • 7 single parent
      • 22 employed
    • children 37-75 months
      • dx information based upon report
    • in childcare for 9-48 hours per week and in program from 1.5-36 months
  • prcedure - 45 minute phone interview
    • structured interview
      • search process - how did they hear about the facilities? how many were visited? length of visit? use of a checklist? was the site chosen the first choice?
      • features considered important
        • 23 features - taken from what parents of typical children are reported to say are important
        • some were added after pilot work
        • participants could add to the list
      • asked which criteria played a role in the selection of a facility
      • asked their knowledge of care setting re: health and safety issues
        • rated on a 3-point scale
        • safety, daily activities, discipline, and specific questions about time-out
        • how much time children spent in each of the activities
      • what types of parental involvement?
  • results
    • types of programs     
      • 32 different programs (19 specific to autism)
      • 45% in inclusive settings
      • 65% knew licensing status 
      • 10% knew that the facility was not licensed
      • group size 5-25
      • 75% mothers reported that caregiver had a college degree
        • 27.5% masters
        • 25% certified
        • half stated that they were unsure of the answers
    • search process
      • most used professional referral
      • 1/4 from a friend
      • 61.5% visited the facility before enrolling
        • 7 visited one facility
        • 5 visited 2 facilities
        • 5 - 4
        • 1 -6
        • 2- 8
      • mean duration of a visit was 78 minutes (SD high b/c of one mother who spent two days visiting)
        • median was 45 minutes
        • 17.5% used a checklist during their visit
      • 90% first choice facility
        • few programs available
        • might not have been a choice
      • 50% waited 3 weeks to 39 months
    • beliefs about important characteristics
      • safe
      • warm loving caregivers
      • social and communication skills
      • clean and well-kept
      • child centered curriculum
      • trained in child development
      • licensed
      • good relationship with parent
      • special services
      • adaptive skills
      •  parent visit
      • structured
      • invlusive
      • meals and snacks
      • involvement encouraged
      • same values as parent
      • not as important
        • convenience
        • flexible pick-ip
        • low cost
        • racial diversity
        • relisious
        • prepared children for school
        • female caregiver
    • selection reason
      • availability of special services
      • well-trained staff
      • warm and loving caregivers
      • program philosophy
        • "correlated" with selection criteria
    • knowledge of program features
      • some answers were more easily answered than others
      • some features were not seen as important
      • quite sure about
        • pick-up list
        • seatbelts
        • fenced in yards
      • not as sure about
        • CPR and first aid
        • TB and AIDS testing
        • emergency numbers
        • fire drills
    • beleifs and program knowledge
      • licensed
      • normal peers
      • small group
      • special services
        • strong associations
    • mothers' involvements
      • were mostly highly involved
        • observed
        • participated in field trips
        • exchanged journals
        • made donations
        • fundraising
        • many did things repeatedly
  • Discussion
    • 25% attended autism programs
    • 50% were in mainstreamed settings
      • 30% in small groups - more preferable
      • limited options
    • high involvement
    • beliefs and selection reasons
      • very clear on what the program should have
        • safe
        • warm
        • competent
        • clean
        • licensed
        • social and communication skills
        • small size
        • structured program
        • having a good caregiver relationship
      • same reasons they selected the program
        • financial and program constraints probably higher
        • 62% reported the availability of special services to be very important
    • number of alternatives were not specifically addressed
    • affordability not examined
    • typically developing peers important, but for many this characteristic was absent
    • search behavior
      • many placed without visiting
      • many did not compare settings
      • few used a checklist
      • referrals might have been used to infer quality?
    • knowledge and involvement
      • most felt able to answer the questions but were a little unsure
        • some guessed
        • some assumed since the facility was licensed
        • does not relate to beliefs and values
          • maybe safety means something different to parents of kids with autism?
  • Conclusions and implications for further research
    • need much more data
    • replication
    • analysis of the selection process in vivo instead of retrospectively
    • how decisions are made could help with programming and assistance

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